Effect of Adding Steel and Glass Fibers on the Mechanical Properties and the Thickness of Rigid Concrete Pavements
Main Article Content
Abstract
A road network uses rigid pavement for various purposes, still, it can face several challenges, including cracking from temperature changes, shrinkage, load stress application, brittleness, and flexural and tensile weakness. The thickness of rigid pavement significantly influences its performance and durability. A thicker slab distributes weight more effectively on the subgrade; however, greater thickness significantly raises construction costs, requires more resources, and negatively impacts the natural environment. The purpose of this study is to find out how adding a 1% volume fraction of steel and glass fiber in single and hybrid shapes changes the mechanical properties of concrete and pavement thickness. The compressive strength test, the flexural strength test, and the splitting tensile test were used to investigate the change in mechanical properties and The software (EMS) was selected to compute the thickness of the concrete pavement. The findings indicated a significant improvement in the mechanical characteristics resulting from the reinforcement of concrete with fibers. This was shown by a modest increase in compressive strength, reaching 9.1% after 90 days, along with significant enhancements in tensile and flexural strength, achieving 72.5% and 70% after 90 days, respectively. These adjustments, along with the use of PCASE EMS, resulted in a 30% decrease in thickness relative to the reference mixture.
Article Details
Section
How to Cite
References
AASHTO M 43, 2005. Standard Specification for Sizes of Aggregate for Road and Bridge Construction (M 43-05). American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
AASHTO T 198, 2022. Standard Method of Test for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
AASHTO T 22, 2020. Compressive strength of concrete cylinders. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials T 22.
AASHTO T 27, 1993. Standard Method of Test for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates (T 27-93).American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials .
AASHTO T 290, 2022. Standard Method of Test for Determining Water-Soluble Sulfate Ion Content in Soil AASHTO T 290. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
AASHTO T 85, 2022. Standard Method of Test for Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
ACI 544.4R, 2015. Guide for Specifying, Proportioning, Mixing, Placing, and Finishing Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete. Farmington Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute.
Ahmed, M.F., 2021. Utilization of Iraqi metakaolin in special types of concrete: A review based on national research. Journal of Engineering, 27(8), pp.80-98. https://doi.10.31026/j.eng.2021.08.06.
Al Fuhaid, A. F., Arifuzzaman, M., & Gul, M. A., 2022. Application of the mechanistic empirical pavement design guide software in Saudi Arabia. Applied Sciences, 12(16), 8165. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12168165.
Al-Quraishi, H., Lafta, M.J., and Abdulridha, A.A., 2018. Direct shear behavior of fiber reinforced concrete elements. Journal of Engineering, 24(1), pp.1-18. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2018.01.16
Al-Rousan, E.T., Khalid, H.R., and Rahman, M.K., 2023. Fresh, Mechanical, and durability properties of basalt fiber-reinforced concrete (BFRC): A review. Developments in the Built Environment, 14, 100155. https://doi.10.1016/j.dibe.2023.100155.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 2020. T 97: Standard method of test for flexural strength of concrete beams. AASHTO.
ASTM C1116/C1116M, 2007, Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete. https://doi.10.1520/C1116_C1116M-07.
ASTM C150/C150M, 2022, Standard Specification for Portland Cement. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International. https://doi.10.1520/C0150_C0150M-22.
ASTM C293/C293M, 2018, Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Center-Point Loading). https://doi.10.1520/C0293_C0293M-18.
ASTM C39/C39M, 2021, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens. https://doi.10.1520/C0039_C0039M-21.
ASTM C496/C496M, 2017, Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens. https://doi.10.1520/C0496_C0496M-17.
ASTM C566, 1997, Standard Test Method for Total Evaporable Moisture Content of Aggregate by Drying. https://doi.10.1520/C0566-97.
ASTM C78/C78M, 2023, Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading).
Bentur, A. and Mindess, S., 2007. Fibre Reinforced Cementitious Composites. 2nd ed. CRC Press.
Deshmukh, A., Rabbani, A., and Dhapekar, N.K., 2017. Study of rigid pavements – Review. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(6), pp.147-152. http://doi.org/10.34218/IJCIET.8.6.2017.018.
ERDC, 2010. Army Engineer Research and Development Center . PCASE Help Documentation. Available at: https://transportation.erdc.dren.mil/pcase/help.aspx
European Committee for Standardization (CEN), 2008. EN 15422: 2008, Specification for Polymer Modified Bitumens (PMB). Brussels: CEN.
European Federation of Specialist Construction Chemicals and Concrete Systems (EFNARC), 2005. Specifications and Guidelines for Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete. Surrey: EFNARC.
Fasasi, M.O., 2024. Analysis of timbercrete: Sawdust-infused concrete mixtures. Open Journal of Environmental Research, 5(1), pp. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.52417/ojer.v5i1.591.
Golewski, G.L., 2023. The Phenomenon of cracking in cement concretes and reinforced concrete structures: the mechanism of cracks formation, causes of their initiation, types, and places of occurrence, and methods of detection—A review. Buildings, 13(3), p.765. https://doi.10.3390/buildings13030765.
Hassouna, F.M.A., Jung, Y.W., 2020. Developing a higher performance and less thickness concrete pavement: Using a nonconventional concrete mixture. Advances in Civil Engineering 2020, 8822994. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8822994 .
Hussain, I., Ali, B., Akhtar, T., & Jameel, M. S., 2020. Comparison of mechanical properties of concrete and design thickness of pavement with different types of fiber reinforcements (steel, glass, and polypropylene). Case Studies in Construction Materials, 13, e00429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00429.
Hussein, A.H., and Al-Zuhairi, A., 2013. Estimation of flexural strength of plain concrete from ultrasonic pulse velocity. Journal of Engineering, 19(2), pp.1-9. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2013.02.03
Kosteel, 2023. BUNDREX® Steel Fiber Product Line. [Online]. Available at: www.kosteel.co.kr.
Labib, W.A., 2016. Fibre reinforced cement composites. In Cement-Based Materials, Intech Open.
https://doi.10.5772/intechopen.75102.
Li, V.C., 2012. Can concrete be bendable? the notoriously brittle building material may yet stretch instead of breaking. American Scientist, 100(6), pp.484-493. https://doi.org/10.1511/2012.99.484.
Ma, J., Yuan, H., Zhang, J., and Zhang, P., 2024. Enhancing concrete performance: A comprehensive review of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Structures, p.106560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2024.106560
More, F.M.D.S., and Subramanian, S.S., 2022. Impact of fibres on the mechanical and durable behaviour of fibre-reinforced concrete. Buildings, 12(9), 1436. https://doi.10.3390/buildings12091436.
Oscete Construction Products, 2020. Oscete 12mm HP Fibre: Alkali Resistant Glass Fibre Product Data Sheet. [Online]. Available at: https://www.oscrete.com.
Pakravan, H.R., Latifi, M., and Jamshidi, M., 2017. Hybrid short fiber reinforcement system in concrete: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 142, pp.280-294. https://doi.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.059.
Pierce, L.M. and McGovern, G., 2014. Implementation of the AASHTO mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide and software (No. Project 20-05, Topic 44-06). https://doi.org/10.17226/22406.
Rangelov, M., Nassiri, S., & Englund, K., 2020. Life cycle assessment of pervious concrete pavements reinforced by recycled carbon fiber composite elements. Advances in Civil Engineering Materials. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003092278-45.
SCRB, 2003. General Specifications for Roads and Bridges. Section R/10, State Corporation for Roads and Bridges Revised Edition. Iraq.
Shakir, H.M., Al-Azzawi, A.A., and Al-Tameemi, A.F., 2022. Nonlinear finite element analysis of fiber reinforced concrete pavement under dynamic loading. Journal of Engineering, 28(2), pp.81-98. https://doi.10.31026/j.eng.2022.02.06.
Sika Corporation, 2022. Sika ViscoCrete-171 Precast Product Data Sheet. [Online]. Available at: https://irq.sika.com.
Suja, A.C.A., and Marliyas, M.M., 2016. Identification of problems in rigid pavements in ampara district and proposed solutions. Conference Paper, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka.
Taher, S.A., Alyousify, S., and Hassan, H.J.A., 2020. Comparative study of using flexible and rigid pavements for roads: A review. Journal of University of Duhok, 23(2), pp.222-234. https://doi.10.26682/csjuod.2020.23.2.18.
Vairagade, V.S., and Dhale, S.A., 2023. Hybrid fiber reinforced concrete – A state of the art review. Hybrid Advances, 3, p.100035. https://doi.10.1016/j.hybadv.2023.100035.
Zhang, P., Han, S., Ng, S., Wang, X.-H., 2018. Fiber‐reinforced concrete with application in civil engineering. Advances in Civil Engineering 2018, 1698905. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1698905