A Review Study to Assess Skirted Foundation's Performance
Main Article Content
Abstract
Innovative structural supports, known as skirted foundations, are primarily employed in offshore engineering. Skirted foundations extend below the footing like conventional shallow foundations and carry loads to deeper soil layers. A "skirt" is a wall that surrounds the foundation from one side or more, is connected to the foundation, and functions as a single unit. These skirts are essential for improving overall stability and transferring loads to more stable subsurface layers, which improves the foundation's performance. Significant features of skirted foundations make them promising for economics and appropriate for use in constructions with large loads and poor soil conditions. It has been demonstrated that skirted foundations are a more effective alternative to conventional foundations like piles, piers, etc. It is regarded as economical because of the reduction of employing building materials, less machinery, and a smaller workforce, as well as the saving of time necessary for installation. This review paper summarizes previous experimental and numerical investigations on skirted foundations and surveys their characteristics; the important conclusions can be summarized: The ratio of skirt length to foundation width (2) gave the best results in improving bearing capacity and minimizing settlement. The ultimate load increased when the skirt inclination increased from 10° to 30° because an attachment area was established between the inclined angle and the soil. Circular skirts can result in higher bearing capacity and lower settlement than square skirts when both are placed under comparable conditions. Also, skirted foundations are suitable for supporting shallow foundations in seismic zones.
Article Details
Section
How to Cite
References
Abd Ali, L., 2018. Performance of skirted foundations supported on sand soil subjected to vertical loads. M.Sc. thesis, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
Abd-Alhameed, H.J., and Albusoda, B.S., 2022. Impact of eccentricity and depth-to-breadth ratio on the behavior of skirt foundation rested on dry gypseous soil. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials; 31(1), pp. 546–553. https://doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2022-0057
Abd-Alhameed, H.J., and Al-Busoda, B.S., 2023. Experimental study on the behavior of square-skirted foundation rested on gypseous soil under inclined load. Journal of Engineering, 29(3), pp. 27-39. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2023.03.03
Abd-Alhameed, H.J., and Albusoda, B.S., 2023. The performance evaluation of skirted foundation: a review study. Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences, 30(1), pp. 30-37. https://doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2023.30.1.004
Abdulhasan, O., Mustafa, F., and Al-Zuhairi, A., 2020. Performance of skirted circular shallow footings resting on sandy soil under inclined loads. Kufa Journal of Engineering, 11(2), pp. 10-27. https://doi.org/10.30572/2018/KJE/110202
Acosta-Martinez, H.E., Gourvenec, S.M., and Randolph, M.F., 2008. An experimental investigation of a shallow skirted foundation under compression and tension. Soils and Foundations, 48(2), pp. 247 254. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.48.247
Al Dabi, S.K., and Albusoda, B.S., 2024. Loosely skirted circular foundation under different loading conditions: Performance, mechanism, and limitations. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 14(5), pp. 17464-17471. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.8421
Al Dabi, S.K., and Albusoda, B.S., 2024. Skirted foundation, performance, mechanism, and limitations: A review study. Journal of Engineering, 30(10), pp. 102-121. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2024.10.06
Al Mosawe, M.J., Al Saidi, A.A., and Jawad, F.W., 2010. Bearing capacity of square footing on geogrid reinforced loose sand to resist eccentric load. Journal of Engineering, 16(2), pp. 4990-4999. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2010.02.17
Al Mosawe, M.J., Al-Saidi, A.A., and Jawad, F.W., 2008. Improvement of soil using geogrids to resist eccentric loads. Journal of Engineering, 14(4), pp. 3198-3208. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2008.04.25
Al-Aghbari, M.Y., and Dutta, R.K., 2008. Performance of square footing with structural skirt resting on sand. Geomechanics and Geoengineering: An International Journal, 3(4), pp. 271-277. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486020802509393
Al-Aghbari, M.Y., and Mohamedzein, Y.E., 2004. Bearing capacity of strip foundations with structural skirts. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 22, pp. 43-57. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GEGE.0000013997.79473.e0
Al-Aghbari, M.Y., and Mohamedzein, Y.E.A., 2018. The use of skirts to improve the performance of a footing in the sand. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 14(2), pp. 134–141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2018.1429702
Albusoda, B., and Hussein, R., 2013. Bearing capacity of shallow footing on compacted dune sand underlain Iraqi collapsible soil. Engineering and Technology Journal, 31(19), pp. 13-28.
Al-Busoda, B.S., 2008. Treatment of collapsibility of gypseous soil. Journal of Engineering 14(03), pp. 444-457. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2008.03.04
Al-Busoda, B.S., and Al-Rubaye, A.H., 2015. Bearing capacity of bored pile model constructed in gypseous soil. Journal of Engineering, 21(3), pp. 110-129. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2015.03.07
Al-Busoda, B.S., and Khdeir, R.A., 2016. Mitigation of collapse of gypseous soil by nanomaterial International. Journal of Science and Research (IJSR, 7(2), pp. 1041-1047.
Alhalbusi, G.S., and Al Saidi, A.A., 2023. Enhancing the ability of the square footing to resist positive and negative eccentric-inclined loading using an inclined skirt. EDP Sciences, E3S Web of Conferences 427, 01020. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342701020
Alhalbusi, G.S., and Al Saidi, A.A., 2024. Enhancing the ability of the square footing to resist positive and negative eccentric-inclined loading using an inclined skirt. Journal of Engineering, 30(05), pp.186-204. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2024.05.12
Aljuari, K.A., Fattah, M.Y., and Alzaidy, M.N., 2023. Behavior of circular skirted footing on gypseous soil subjected to water infiltration. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials, 32(1), P. 20220252. https://doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2022-0252.
AL-Qaissy, M., and Muwafak, H., 2013. Experimental study on the behavior of skirted foundation rested on soft clayey soils. Engineering and Technology Journal, 31(20), pp. 434-443. https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.2013.83854
AL-Shyoukhi, T., Elmeligy, M., and Altahrany, A., 2023. Bearing capacity and settlement of inclined skirted foundation resting on sand. Results in Engineering, 20(101454), pp. 2590-1230 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101454
Al-Taie, A.J., Albusoda, B.S., Alabdullah, S.F.I., and Dabdab, A.J., 2019. An experimental study on leaching in gypseous soil subjected to triaxial loading. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 37(6), pp. 5199-5210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-019-00974-2
Al-Yasir, A., and Al-Taie, A., 2022. Geotechnical review for gypseous soils: properties and stabilization. Journal Kejuruteraan (Journal of Engineering), 34(5), pp. 785-799.
Alzabeebee, S., 2020. Dynamic response and design of a skirted strip foundation subjected to vertical vibration. Geomechanics and Engineering, 20(4), pp. 345-358 http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2020.20.4.345
Azzam, W.R., 2015. Finite element analysis of skirted foundation adjacent to sand slope under earthquake loading. HBRC Journal, 11(2), pp. 231-239., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2014.04.001
Bachay, H.A., and Al-Saidi, A.A., 2022. The optimum reinforcement layer number for soil under the ring footing subjected to inclined load. Journal of Engineering, 28(12), pp. 18-33. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2022.12.02
Bashir, K., Shukla, R., and Jakka, R., 2021. Skirted footing for enhancing bearing capacity. 17th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 17WCEE, Sendai, Japan.
Bashir, K., Shukla, R., and Jakka, R.S., 2022. Lateral capacity of skirted footing resting on level ground. Earthquakes and Structures, Conference paper, pp. 59-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5673-6_5
Das, B.M., 2007, Theoretical foundation engineering, originally published: Amsterdam, Elsevier Science c1987.
Ebrahimi, S.G., and Rowshanzamir, M.A., 2013. Experimental evaluation of bearing capacity of skirted footings. Civil Engineering and Architecture, 1(4), pp. 103–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/cea.2013.010401
Eid, H.T., Alansari, O.A., Odeh, A.M., Nasr, M.N., and Sadek, H.A., 2009. Comparative study on the behavior of square foundations resting on confined sand. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 46(4), pp. 369–392. https://doi.org/10.1139/T08-134
El Wakil, A.Z., 2010. Horizontal capacity of skirted circular shallow footings on sand. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 49(4), pp. 379-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2010.07.003
EL Wakil, A.Z., 2013. Bearing capacity of skirt circular footing on sand. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 52(3), pp. 359-364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2013.01.007
Fattah, M.Y., Shlash, K.T., and Mohammed, H.A., 2014. Experimental study on the behavior of bounded square footing on sandy soil. Engineering and Technology Journal, 32(5), pp. 1083-1105.
Gautama, D.A.W., Supanji, B.S., and Rahayu, W., 2020. The effect of skirt footings for road settlement on peat soil. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 930(1), 012039. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/930/1/012039
Gnananandarao, T., Dutta, R.K., and Khatri, V.N., 2020. Model studies of plus and double box shaped skirted footings resting on sand. International Journal of Geo-Engineering, 11, pp.1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-020-00109-0
Gnananandarao, T., Khatri, V.N., and Dutta, R.K., 2018. Pressure settlement ratio behavior of plus-shaped skirted footing on sand. Journal of Civil Engineering (IEB), 46 (2), pp. 161-170.
Hassan, S.M., and Albusoda, B.S., 2022. Mitigation of collapse characteristics of gypseous soils by activated carbon, sodium metasilicate, and cement dust: An experimental study. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials, 31(1), pp. 631-638. https://doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2022-0065
Hussein, H.K., Jawad, I.T., and Mahdi, B.O., 2021. Skirted foundation on sandy soil - A review. International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 10(06), pp. 2278-0181.
Joybari, H.M., Afzalirad, M., Hosseinzadeh, H., and Naveen, B.P., 2023. Behavior of skirted foundations under vertical load by numerical and physical modeling methods. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 16(12). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12517-023-11759-6
Kannan, R.M., and Chezhiyan, S., 2016. Lateral capacity of skirt foundation on loose submerged sand. International Journal Chemical Engineering, 14(S1), pp. 295-301.
Khatri, V.N., Debbarma, S.P., Dutta, R.K., and Mohanty, B., 2017. Pressure-settlement behavior of square and rectangular skirted footings resting on sand. Geomechanics and Engineering, 12(4), pp. 689-705. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2017.12.4.689
Kirtimayee, B., and Samadhiya, N.K., 2022. Behavior of loose geogrid skirted square footing resting on reinforced sand subjected to eccentric and inclined loading. Indian Geotechnical Journal, 52(4), pp. 895–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40098-022-00624-0
Kumar, V., Shanmugam, G.K., and Gupta, S.D., 2021. Performance assessment of composite skirted ground reinforcement system in liqueable ground under repeated dynamic loading conditions. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-186606/v1
Lepcha, O.N., Deb, P. and Pal, S.K., 2022. Parametric studies on skirted foundation resting on sandy soil. Soil behavior and characterization of geomaterials, conference paper, pp. 297–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6513-5_26
Magdy, K., Altahrany, A., and Elmeligy, M., 2022. Comparative study of the behaviors of skirted foundations of different shapes. Geomate Journal, 23(96), pp. 104–111. https://doi.org/10.21660/2022.96.3328
Mahmood, M. R., Fattah, M. Y., and A. K., 2018. Experimental study on bearing capacity of skirted foundations on dry gypseous soil. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), 9(10), pp. 1910-1922.
Mahmood, M.R., Al-Wakel, S.F., and Mohammed, M.S., 2022. Effect of partial saturation on ultimate bearing capacity of skirted foundations. Engineering and Technology Journal, 40(05), pp. 710-721. https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.v40i5.2259
Mana, D.S., Gourvenec, S., and Martin, C.M., 2013. Critical skirt spacing for shallow foundations under general loading. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 139(9), pp. 1554-1566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000882
Mana, D.S.K., Gourvenec, S.M., Randolph, M.F., and Hossain, M.S., 2012. Failure mechanisms of skirted foundations in uplift and compression. International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics,12 (2), pp. 2042-6550. https://doi.org/10.1680/ijpmg.11.00007
Moghadam H., Afzalirad M., Hosseinzadeh H. and Naveen BP, 2023. Behavior of skirted foundations under vertical load by numerical and physical modeling methods. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 16(12). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12517-023-11759-6
Mohammed, M.S., Mahmood, M.R., and Al-Wakel, S.F., 2021. Bearing capacity behavior of skirted foundations on unsaturated soils. EDP Sciences, 318(01014). https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131801014
Mohsen, A.H., and Albusoda, B.S., 2022. The collapsible soil, types, mechanism, and identification: a review study. Journal of Engineering, 28(5), pp. 41-60. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2022.05.04
Nazir, A.K., and Azzam, W.R., 2010. Improving the bearing capacity of footing on soft clay with sand pile skirts. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 49(4), pp. 371-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2010.06.002.
Örnek, M., Çalişici, M., Türedi, Y., and Kaya, N., 2021. Investigation of skirt effect on eccentrically loaded model strip footing using laboratory tests. Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 58(3), pp. 215-222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11204-021-09731-1
Parmar, S., and Patel, R.M., 2021. Bearing capacity of isolated square skirted foundation on cohesionless soil: An experimental and analytical study. Journal of Advances in Geotechnical Engineering, 4(2), pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5229164
Prasanth, T., and Kumar, P.R., 2015. A study on load carrying capacity of skirted foundation on sand. International Journal of Science and Research, 6(6), pp. 2231-2235. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/ART20174885
Pusadkar, S.S., and Bhatkar, T., 2013. Behavior of raft foundation with vertical skirt using Plaxis 2d. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, 7(6), pp. 20-24.
Renaningsih, R., Satria, I.F., Susanto, A., and Listyawan, A.B., 2017. Method to increase ultimate bearing capacity of skirted circular footing. In AIP Conference Proceedings, 1855(1). AIP Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4985458
Saito, T., Yoshida, Y., Itoh, M. and Masui, N., 2006. Skirt suction foundation - application to strait crossings. Public Works Research Institute PWRI, Japan, 22.
Sajjad, G., and Masoud, M., 2018. Study of the behavior of skirted shallow foundations resting on sand. International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, 18(3), pp. 117-130. https://doi.org/10.1680/jphmg.16.00079.
Saleh, N.M., Alsaied, A.E., and Elleboudy, A.M., 2008. Performance of skirted strip footing subjected to eccentric inclined load. Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 13(F).
Sarma, K., and Chetia, N., 2016. Load-displacement behavior of skirted raft foundations on sand using PLAXIS 2D. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 3(4), 258871.
Schneider, J.A., and Senders, M. 2010. Foundation design – a comparison of oil and gas platforms with offshore wind turbines. Journal of the Marine Technology Society, 44(1), pp. 32-51. https://doi.org/10.4031/MTSJ.44.1.5
Singh, C., Singh, J., Singh, S., and Kumar, V., 2021. Performance of inclined skirt footing: numerical analysis. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 889(012076). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/889/1/012076
Singh, S.P., Kumar, S., and Sarkar, S., 2022. Numerical analysis of skirted foundation on sand for load–displacement behaviour. Indian Geotechnical Conference, 2, pp. 251–263.
Thakare, S.W., and Shukla, A.N., 2016. Performance of rectangular skirted footing resting on sand bed subjected to lateral load. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 5(6), pp. 11075-11083.
Thakur, A., and Dutta, R.K., 2020. Experimental and numerical studies of skirted hexagonal footings on three sands. SN Applied Sciences, 2, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2239-9
Thakur, A., and Dutta, R.K., 2021. Study of bearing capacity of skirted irregular pentagonal footings on different sands. Journal of Achievements of Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, 105(1), pp. 5-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8741
Tripathy, S., and Singh, S.P., 2013. Load carrying capacity of skirted foundation on sand. Ph. D. thesis, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India.
Vulpe, C., and Gourvenec, S., 2014. Effect of preloading on the response of a shallow skirted foundation. International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering: OMAE2014-23440, V003T10A009. https://doi.org/10.1115/OMAE2014-23440
Vulpe, C., Gourvenec, S., and Cornelius, A.F., 2016. Effect of embedment on consolidated undrained capacity of skirted circular foundations in soft clay under planar loading. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 54(2). https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0265
Yun, G., and Bransby, M.F., 2007. The undrained vertical bearing capacity of skirted foundations. Soils and foundations, 47(3), pp. 493-505. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.47.493
Yun, G.J., and Bransby, M.F., 2003. Centrifuge modeling of the horizontal capacity of skirted foundations on drained loose sand. In BGA International Conference on Foundations: Innovations, observations, design, and practice: Proceedings of the international conference organized by British Geotechnical Association and held in Dundee, Scotland on 2–5th September 2003 (pp. 975-984). Thomas Telford Publishing.
Zografou, D., Gourvenec, S., and O'Loughlin, C., 2018. Vertical cyclic loading response of shallow skirted foundation in soft normally consolidated clay. Canadian-Geotechnical-Journa, 56(10). https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0179