تعزيز أمان الطبقة المادية من خلال BD-RIS: تحليل مقارن لمعدل السرية في شبكات MIMO متعددة المستخدمين مع تلاشي Nakagami-m
محتوى المقالة الرئيسي
الملخص
مع تقدم الشبكات اللاسلكية نحو الجيل السادس، لا يزال الأمن يُشكل مصدر قلق بالغ نظرًا لطبيعة البث المتأصلة فيها، مما يجعلها عرضة للتنصت والاعتراض غير المصرح به. تُعزز تقنية الأسطح الذكية القابلة لإعادة التكوين (BD-RIS) التحكم في القنوات اللاسلكية من خلال التحكم بشكل مستقل في طور وحجم الإشارات المنعكسة، مما يُحسّن أمان الطبقة المادية لأنظمة الاتصالات اللاسلكية. تبحث هذه الورقة البحثية في أداء نظام MIMO متعدد المستخدمين للوصلة الصاعدة بمساعدة BD-RIS، والذي يعمل في ظل ظروف تلاشي Nakagami-m بوجود مُنصت سلبي. وبشكل أكثر تحديدًا، نُحلل ونقارن معدل المجموع المُمكن تحقيقه ومعدل السرية في سيناريوهات، سواءً بوجود رابط مباشر بين المستخدمين ومحطة القاعدة أو بدونه. من خلال عمليات محاكاة مُفصلة، نُظهر أن تقنية BD-RIS تُعزز بشكل كبير معدل السرية مُقارنةً بتقنية RIS القطرية التقليدية، مُحققةً تحسنًا بنسبة 8.33%. وعلاوة على ذلك، نُظهِر أن حجم هذا التعزيز يتأثر بمعلمات النظام الرئيسية، بما في ذلك قوة الإرسال، ومسافة المتنصت، وكثافة المستخدمين النشطين داخل الشبكة.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.displayStats.downloads##
تفاصيل المقالة
القسم
كيفية الاقتباس
المراجع
Abdul Majed, M. and Omran, B., 2020. Pilot based channel estimation and synchronization in OFDM system. Journal of Engineering, 26(6), pp. 50–59. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2020.06.04.
Almamori, A. and Abbas, M.A., 2023. Channel state information estimation for reconfigurable intelligent surfaces based on received signal analysis. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), 13(2), pp. 1599–1605. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i2.pp1599-1605.
Al-Nahhas, B., Obeed, M., Chaaban, A. and Hossain, M.J., 2021. RIS-aided cell-free massive MIMO: Performance analysis and competitiveness. In: 2021 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops). pp. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCWorkshops50388.2021.9473521.
Basar, E., Renzo, M. Di, Rosny, J. De, Debbah, M., Alouini, M.S. and Zhang, R., 2019. Wireless communications through reconfigurable intelligent surfaces. IEEE Access, 7, pp. 116753–116773. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2935192.
Chen, J., Liang, Y.-C., Cheng, H. V and Yu, W., 2023. Channel estimation for reconfigurable intelligent surface aided multi-user mmWave MIMO systems. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 22(10), pp. 6853–6869. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2023.3246264.
Demir, Ö.T. and Björnson, E., 2022. Is channel estimation necessary to select phase-shifts for RIS-assisted massive MIMO? IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 21(11), pp. 9537–9552. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2022.3177700.
Ding, F., 2023. Least squares parameter estimation and multi-innovation least squares methods for linear fitting problems from noisy data. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 426, P. 115107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2023.115107.
Fang, T. and Mao, Y., 2024. A low-complexity beamforming design for beyond-diagonal RIS aided multi-user networks. IEEE Communications Letters, 28(1), pp. 203–207. https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2023.3333411.
Gao, B., Zhao, J., Yan, S. and Xiao, S., 2024a. Secrecy rate maximization for active reconfigurable intelligent surface assisted MIMO systems. IEEE Access, 12, pp. 87097–87109. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3416553.
Gao, N., Yao, Y., Jin, S., Li, C. and Matthaiou, M., 2024b. RIS-assisted simultaneous transmission and secret key generation: An ICAS paradigm. In: IEEE INFOCOM 2024 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS). pp. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/INFOCOMWKSHPS61880.2024.10620776.
Gómez-Déniz, E. and Gómez-Déniz, L., 2024. A new derivation of the Nakagami-m distribution as a composite of the Rayleigh distribution. Wireless Networks, 30(5), pp. 3051–3060. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-024-03713-5.
Hamza, K.M., Basharat, S., Jung, H., Gidlund, M. and Hassan, S.A., 2024. Secrecy analysis of RIS-assisted uplink NOMA systems under Nakagami-m fading. In: 2024 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops). pp. 1511–1516. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCWorkshops59551.2024.10615519.
Ji, Z., Yeoh, P.L., Zhang, D., Chen, G., Zhang, Y., He, Z., Yin, H. and li, Y., 2021. Secret key generation for intelligent reflecting surface assisted wireless communication networks. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 70(1), pp. 1030–1034. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2020.3045728.
Karim, D., Al-Hindawi, A. and Shather, A., 2023. Modeling and simulating NOMA performance for next generations. Journal of Engineering, 29(04), pp. 155–175. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2023.04.11.
Khaled, Z. El, Ajib, W. and Mcheick, H., 2022. Log distance path loss model: application and improvement for sub 5Ghz rural fixed wireless networks. IEEE Access, 10, pp. 52020–52029. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3166895.
Khoshafa, M.H., Maraqa, O., Moualeu, J.M., Aboagye, S., Ngatched, T.M.N., Ahmed, M.H., Gadallah, Y. and Renzo, M.D., 2024. RIS-assisted physical layer security in emerging RF and optical wireless communication systems: A comprehensive survey. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, P. 1. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2024.3487112.
Laas, T., Nossek, J.A., Bazzi, S. and Xu, W., 2020. On reciprocity in physically consistent TDD systems with coupled antennas. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 19(10), pp. 6440–6453. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2020.3003414.
Li, H., Shen, S. and Clerckx, B., 2023a. Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: A multi-sector mode enabling highly directional full-space wireless coverage. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 41(8), pp. 2446–2460. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2023.3288251.
Li, H., Shen, S. and Clerckx, B., 2023b. Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: from transmitting and reflecting modes to single-, group-, and fully-connected architectures. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 22(4), pp. 2311–2324. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2022.3210706.
Li, H., Shen, S., Nerini, M. and Clerckx, B., 2024a. Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces 2.0: Beyond diagonal phase shift matrices. IEEE Communications Magazine, 62(3), pp. 102–108. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.001.2300019.
Li, H., Shen, S., Nerini, M., Renzo, M. Di and Clerckx, B., 2024b. Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces with mutual coupling: Modeling and optimization. IEEE Communications Letters, 28(4), pp. 937–941. https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2024.3361648.
Li, H., Shen, S., Zhang, Y. and Clerckx, B., 2024c. Channel estimation and beamforming for beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 72, pp. 3318–3332. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSP.2024.3424229.
Liu, Y., Mu, X., Xu, J., Schober, R., Hao, Y., Poor, H. V and Hanzo, L., 2021. Star: Simultaneous transmission and reflection for 360° coverage by intelligent surfaces. IEEE Wireless Communications, 28(6), pp. 102–109. https://doi.org/10.1109/MWC.001.2100191.
Mishra, A., Mao, Y., D’Andrea, C., Buzzi, S. and Clerckx, B., 2024. Transmitter side beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface for massive MIMO networks. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, 13(2), pp. 352–356. https://doi.org/10.1109/LWC.2023.3329065.
Mohammed, S. and Almamori, A., 2024. Cell-free massive MIMO energy efficiency improvement by access points iterative selection. Journal of Engineering, 30(03), pp. 129–142. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2024.03.09.
Mohammed, S.A., 2020. Securing physical layer for FHSS communication system using code and phase hopping techniques in CDMA, system design and implementation. Journal of Engineering, 26(7), pp. 190–205. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2020.07.13.
Nerini, M., Shen, S. and Clerckx, B., 2024. Closed-form global optimization of beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 23(2), pp. 1037–1051. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2023.3285262.
Nerini, M., Shen, S., Li, H. and Clerckx, B., 2024. Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces utilizing graph theory: Modeling, architecture design, and optimization. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 23(8), pp. 9972–9985. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2024.3367631.
Samy, M., Al-Hraishawi, H., Adam, A.B.M., Chatzinotas, S. and Otteresten, B., 2025. Beyond diagonal RIS-aided networks: Performance analysis and sectorization tradeoff. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, 6, pp. 302–315. https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3514696.
Santamaria, I., Soleymani, M., Jorswieck, E. and Gutiérrez, J., 2024. Mimo capacity maximization with beyond-diagonal RIS. In: 2024 IEEE 25th International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC). pp. 936–940. https://doi.org/10.1109/SPAWC60668.2024.10694491.
Shen, S., Clerckx, B. and Murch, R., 2022. Modeling and architecture design of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces using scattering parameter network analysis. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 21(2), pp. 1229–1243. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2021.3103256.
Singh, S., Raviteja, A., Singh, K., Singh, S.K., Kaushik, A. and Ku, M.L., 2024. Secrecy rate maximization for active RIS-aided robust uplink NOMA communications. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters. https://doi.org/10.1109/LWC.2024.3424332.
Tang, W., Chen, X., Chen, M.Z., Dai, J.Y., Han, Y., Jin, S., Cheng, Q., Li, G.Y. and Cui, T.J., 2021. On channel reciprocity in reconfigurable intelligent surface assisted wireless networks. IEEE Wireless Communications, 28(6), pp. 94–101. https://doi.org/10.1109/MWC.001.2100136.
Wu, C., You, C., Liu, Y., Gu, X. and Cai, Y., 2022. Channel estimation for star-RIS-aided wireless communication. IEEE Communications Letters, 26(3), pp. 652–656. https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2021.3139198.
Yahya, H., Li, H., Nerini, M., Clerckx, B. and Debbah, M., 2024. Beyond diagonal RIS: Passive maximum ratio transmission and interference nulling enabler. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, 5, pp. 7613–7627. https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3509220.
Yang, S., Han, H., Liu, Y., Guo, W., Pang, Z. and Zhang, L., 2023. Reconfigurable intelligent surface-induced randomness for mmWave key generation. In: ICC 2023 - IEEE International Conference on Communications. pp. 2909–2914. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICC45041.2023.10278950.
Zhang, H., Ma, S., Shi, Z., Zhao, X. and Yang, G., 2023. Sum-rate maximization of RIS-aided multi-user MIMO systems with statistical CSI. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 22(7), pp. 4788–4801. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2022.3228910.
Zhou, G., Peng, Z., Pan, C. and Schober, R., 2024. Individual channel estimation for RIS-aided communication systems—A general framework. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 23(9), pp. 12038–12053. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2024.3387563.
